Skip to main content

How do collections and exhibitions shape stories? What is left out or reinforced by these displays?

Section Overview

Works of art from Art on Display

This section explores the surprising confluence and variety of works of art collected and exhibited in the St. Louis region during the 1800s and early 1900s. It focuses primarily on the diverse stories and works of art that shaped the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair and highlights the fair’s dualities, which both celebrated innovation and reinforced damaging stereotypes.

This section begins by briefly discussing the development of collecting and displaying works of art in the St. Louis area. It then focuses on artists and artworks that were displayed at the 1904 St. Louis World’s Fair. In this section you will find an overview, thematic discussion questions, selected artworks, looking prompts, information about each artwork, and connection activity ideas. At the end of this section, you will also find a looking guide containing images of the artworks that may be used in class settings, relevant standards connections, and a slide presentation with the artwork images and questions for discussion.

Art on Display Introductory Video

Art on Display Introductory Text

Private collections and public exhibitions of art in the region began in the 1810s. American explorer William Clark created the first museum west of the Mississippi River in 1816 to display his Native American art collection. The Mercantile Library was founded in 1846, and the St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts—predecessor of today’s Saint Louis Art Museum—opened in 1881. Significant private collections, frequent exhibitions, commercial galleries, and artists’ organizations developed in the late 1800s. While these activities centered on St. Louis, they attracted objects to the city from across the region and around the globe.

In 1904 the St. Louis World’s Fair (Louisiana Purchase Exposition) transformed Forest Park into a visual encyclopedia. This seven-month spectacle covered 1,200 acres and drew at least 19 million visitors. While the fair promoted the city on a global stage and celebrated American artistic and technological innovation, many of its displays reinforced damaging stereotypes of nonwhite cultures. Most of the fair’s structures no longer stand, though the Palace of Fine Arts is now the Saint Louis Art Museum.

Key Terms

Curate

To assemble and organize material for presentation, such as artwork or music.

Collection

A gathering of objects or items often with shared qualities, such as works of art, baseball cards, sunglasses, etc.

Museum

An institution that cares for a collection of artifacts or other objects of artistic, cultural, historic, or scientific importance. Museums often display portions of their collections for the public to view and learn about.

Stereotype

A widely held but fixed and oversimplified idea of a particular type of person or thing.

Colonization

When one country takes control of another country or region in order to expand their own resources or influence.

Patronage

Help or business given by a supporter.

Questions for Discussion

  • What has value to you? How do you determine that?
  • Who decides what is valuable in a community or society? Who decides what is worth preserving? What factors do you think are important to consider when deciding what to preserve?
  • What is a museum? What different types of museums can you think of?
  • What are some reasons that people or communities might find museums valuable? What are some potential conflicts between museums and communities?
  • What are some goals that you associate with an art museum? What other places have you seen art displayed?
  • How do objects tell stories?  Who decides what stories are told and how to present the information?
  • In what ways might museums or exhibitions reinforce stereotypes? In what ways might exhibitions or museums help foster greater understanding and appreciation for different ways of living?

Selected Works of Art

Looking Prompts

Look closely at this work of art.

  • What do you wonder about?
  • By looking closely, what might you learn about the person who is the subject of this sculpture?
  • If you were able to travel back in time and watch this sculptor at work, what questions would you ask her?
  • Imagine if the figure’s arms and hands were visible. Strike a pose that reveals ways the arms and hands could enhance the figure’s pose. Why did you choose this particular movement?
  • Imagine the artist had sculpted the entire body of James Peck Thomas. If you’re comfortable, demonstrate how the figure would stand, walk, or dance. What do you see that informs your ideas?

Looking extension

  • If you were to sculpt a bust of someone you knew, who would it be? Where would you display it and why would you display it in this way?  Sketch an image of your sculpture on display.
  • In 1879 the St. Louis School of Fine Arts opened at Washington University. Two years later the St. Louis Museum of Fine Arts—forerunner of both the Saint Louis Art Museum and the Mildred Lane Kemper Art Museum—opened in a newly designed and constructed building donated by the philanthropist Wayman Crow. Its first director was Halsey Cooley Ives, a professor of fine arts at Washington University in St. Louis who led the School and Museum for their first three decades. He shaped them with a strong belief that art education could advance the fields of industry and manufacturing, writing that “art should be a matter of everyday enjoyment and use to every . . . man, woman, and child.” The museum’s art collection developed in tandem with St. Louis traditions of art collecting and patronage.

    Most of these St. Louis collections were owned or organized by the area’s white residents, but there was at least one important example of art patronage from the city’s free Black community, which had a notable presence by 1857 when James Peck Thomas, a formerly enslaved barber, arrived. In the early 1870s he became the richest African American man in Missouri by building a real estate empire from the inheritance provided by his wife, Antoinette Rutgers Thomas. To commemorate his hard-won success, he commissioned a portrait bust of himself from Edmonia Lewis during her 1873 visit to St. Louis. An artist of mixed Ojibwe and Afro-Haitian heritage, Lewis was the first professional African American sculptor. When the bust was delivered from Lewis’s studio in Rome, the Thomases displayed it in their finely furnished home as a testament to the talent of the artist and the status and cultural sophistication of its owners.

  • Edmonia Lewis, American, 1844–1907; Bust of James Peck Thomas, 1874; marble; 22 x 18 x 10 inches; Allen Memorial Art Museum, Oberlin College, Oberlin, OH. R. T. Miller Jr. Fund  2021.155


 

Looking Prompts

  •  If this image were the inspiration for a story, what type of story would it be? What do you see that makes you say that?
  • How does this space make you feel?  What emotions arise while you are looking closely? What do you see that makes you say that?
  • Imagine drifting in a boat through this scene. How would you describe your surroundings?  Write a letter home and describe what you see, hear, and smell around you in this scene.
  • Alongside the growth of artistic education and patronage, regular local exhibition opportunities fostered a competitive art scene. Artist-organized clubs and interest groups also offered regular opportunities to exhibit locally. Joseph R. Meeker helped to establish a St. Louis sketch club in 1877; reorganized into the St. Louis Artists’ Guild, the group has hosted exhibitions and highlighted generations of regional members from 1886 until today.

    While serving in the navy during the Civil War, artist Joseph Meeker sketched the swamps and bayous along the lower Mississippi River. These sketches inspired later paintings, like this one, created in St. Louis after the war.

    Identifiable details mark this landscape—cypress trees laden with Spanish moss, swamp goldenrod, palmetto, cattail rushes, yellow pond lilies, and trumpet creeper. The scene, however, is not historical but rather literary. It is taken from the then wildly popular poem “Evangeline, A Tale of Acadie” written by Henry Wadsworth Longfellow in 1847. The poem follows an engaged couple who become separated during the British expulsion of the French from Acadie (Nova Scotia) to Louisiana in 1755. In the center of the landscape Evangeline rests from her desperate search for Gabriel. Tragically, she finds him only many years later, when he is ill from an epidemic and dies in her arms. The painting was included in the 1881 inaugural exhibition at the St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts.

  • Joseph Rusling Meeker, American, 1827–1887; The Land of Evangeline, 1874; oil on canvas; 33 1/8 x 45 1/8 inches; Saint Louis Art Museum, Gift of Mrs. Wright Prescott Edgerton in memory of Dr. and Mrs. W. T. Helmuth by exchange 163:1946

Selected Works of Art from the 1904 World's Fair

Follow the link below to view highlighted works of art for this section, explore looking prompts, and learn more about each work of art.

1904 St. Louis World's Fair

This section focuses on diverse stories and works of art related to the 1904 World’s Fair and highlights the fair’s dualities, which both celebrated innovation and reinforced damaging stereotypes.

Filipino Man's Backpack

Art on Display Connection Activities

Explore and Write

Consider the stories that objects might hold. Interview a family member or friend about an object that is special to them. What stories did they share about how they acquired the object? What makes the object special or meaningful to this person? What places, if any, did this object travel to or from?

Write an essay that shares the story you learned about the object and its relationship to your friend or family member.

Extension
Reflect on and respond
to the question: What was challenging about telling another person’s object story?

Collect and Present

As a class, gather a collection of objects by having each student choose one object to bring to class to share. This could be a meaningful object from home or a found object from school, home, or another location. Gather the objects together in a central place so that they can be viewed collectively. Group the objects by color, texture, or type. Discuss the variety of objects that you see in the classroom collection. Explore any relationships between objects or groups of objects, such as similar colors, textures, or styles. Are there other relationships or themes that connect your class collection?

As a class, create a display to share your collection. Consider whether one of the themes or connections discussed above will inform your display. Decide as a group on a title for your display.

Curate an Exhibition

Choose a selection of images from this educational resource that you would like to work with. Print the images and cut them out. In pairs or small groups, organize the works of art into a display. Write an introductory panel that explains the themes of your exhibition. Present your display to the class and share why you chose the artworks and why you organized them in the way that you did. What different stories did you and your classmates discover or create as you curated your unique exhibitions?

Write

Choose one artwork from this section that you like. Explore this object in more detail. If possible, research about the artwork and the artist who created it. Imagine you have one chance to convince your school principal to buy this work of art for the school. Write an argument to persuade them the school needs this artwork. Consider: What do you like about the work of art? What would make others want to look at it? Why would it be important for the school to have? What would it add to the school environment? Would it help the students learn something?

Explore, Research, and Present

In this section we learned about the history and development of the Saint Louis Art Museum. We also learned about a variety of objects that each tell unique and diverse stories.

Explore your school or neighborhood. Search for buildings or objects that tell a bit about the history of the place and the people who have passed through there. Choose one building or object to focus on and make a drawing of it.

Research more about the building or object. Some historical places have plaques that share information about the location. Some buildings have names that you can research at a library or online, such as the Saint Louis Art Museum. Some objects can also be researched in books or on the internet. See what you can discover about the building or object. What has potentially been overlooked in accounts of the building or object?

Using details that you discovered as you observed, drew, and researched your building or object, write a label for your drawing that shares what you learned.

Create

Create a trading card for one of the artworks in this section. Consider the following questions as you plan your design:

  • What would you want to share about this artwork?
  • What, if anything, would you like to share about the artist who created it?
  • What images do you want to include on your trading card?
  • What words do you want to include on your trading card?
  • What colors will you use?
  • What other design elements do you want to include?

Create your trading card. Share it with other students in your class. You might even want to trade cards with a friend or classmate.

Craft a Story

Early Morning after a Storm at Sea by Winslow Homer is a painting that shows active waves. This painting depicts the morning after a storm. Illustrate a story using only pictures (no words) that reveals what you imagine happened before, during, and after the storm.  How does the ocean change?  What would you find?  What characters might you include?

Early Morning After a Storm at Sea

Write

Write a haiku inspired by one of the artworks in this section. Haiku is a Japanese style of poetry that is written in the present tense and often contains words related to nature. Haikus are made up of three lines. The first line has five syllables, the second has seven syllables, and the last line has five syllables. Utilize this structure to create your own poem. If you feel inspired, write several haikus. Collect your haikus in a journal or share with classmates.

Haiku example
Summer breeze whispers
Melodies of peace and rest
Flutter amidst seas

Create

In this section we studied a variety of artworks that were made using weaving techniques, such as baskets and textiles. Weaving is an artistic process that layers and links materials together to create a design or functional object. Woven objects can be made from a variety of materials, such as yarn, fabric, grass, and paper. Follow the instructions below to practice your own weaving techniques. Experiment with weaving different materials that you can find. What is unique about weaving with paper, yarn, or fabric scraps? What other materials can you experiment with?

    • Gather two pieces of paper that are the same size but different colors.
    • Create a loom by cutting vertical strips into one of your sheets of paper (you may want to experiment with aligning your paper in portrait or landscape format before cutting). Leave one inch of paper uncut at the bottom of your page.
    • From your other sheet of paper, cut strips that are the same length as your loom at its longest side.
    • To weave, begin at one edge of your loom. Take one of your cut strips and weave it onto the loom by sliding it under the first vertical strip on the loom, over the second strip, under the third, over the fourth, and so on. Continue weaving over and under the vertical strips until you reach the other side of the loom.
    • Weave the second strip by sliding it onto the loom in the opposite pattern (begin by sliding over the first strip on the loom and under the second).
    • Continue to weave the rest of the strips by alternating the pattern back and forth for each strip. Weave until your loom is full or you create a pattern you like.
    • You may tape or glue your weaving to another sheet to secure it.
    • Be creative! Try other patterns, colors, and shapes as desired.

    Paper strips for weaving Paper loom example Paper weaving example

Write

Imagine you are on a boat journey that begins in Joseph Meeker’s Land of Evangeline. The journey is three days long and travels downriver from the landscape depicted in the painting. Imagine what your boat would look like. Who might join you on the journey? What plants or animals would you discover on your travels? What people would you encounter? What events would you experience?  Write a journal entry for each of the three days describing your adventures in this landscape.

The Land of Evangeline

Standards Connections

The content in this resource has been designed to align with Missouri and Illinois state learning standards and competencies across a variety of grade levels. For each section we have highlighted a selection of social studies and visual arts standards that have strong connections to the content and activities presented. There are a number of other standards and content areas, such as English language arts, that may also connect with these resource materials. Select the links below for access to key standards and related resources.

  • Visual arts  
    VA:PR4A.pk Identify reasons for saving and displaying objects, artifacts, and artwork.
    VA:Pr6A8 Analyze why and how an exhibition or collection may influence ideas, beliefs, and experiences.
    VA:Pr6A.3 Identify and explain how and where different cultures record and illustrate history and stories of life through art.
    VA:Re7A.7 Explain how the method of display, the location, and the experience of an artwork influence how it is perceived and valued.

    Social studies 
    5.RI.6.E.a Examine the changing roles among Native Americans, Immigrants, African Americans, women, and others from 1800 to 2000.
    6-8.GEO.1.PC.A  Analyze material culture to explain a people’s perspective and use of place.
    6-8.GEO.1.PC.B  Explain how the physical and human characteristics of places and regions are connected to human identities and cultures.

    English language arts

    Missouri Learning Standards

  • Visual arts  
    VA:Pr4.1.2  a. Categorize artwork based on a theme or concept for an exhibit.
    VA:Pr6.1.2  a. Analyze how art exhibited inside and outside schools (for example, in museums, galleries, virtual spaces, and other venues) contributes to communities.
    VA:Pr6.1.8  a. Analyze why and how an exhibition or collection may influence ideas, beliefs, and experiences.
    VA:Cn11.1.1 Understand that people from different places and times have made art for a variety of reasons.

    Social studies 
    SS.H.1.4 Explain connections among historical contexts and why individuals and groups differed in their perspectives during the same historical period.
    SS.H.2.6-8.MdC Analyze multiple factors that influenced the perspectives of people during different historical eras.
    SS.H.1.6-8.MdC Analyze connections between events and developments in broader historical contexts.
    SS.IS.1.3-5 Develop essential questions and explain the importance of the questions to self and others.

    English language arts

    Illinois Learning Standards and Instruction

Additional Resources